The area of broad-leaved forests covers a significant part of the Russian Plain. The composition of the broad-leaved forests is largely determined by the parameters of the continental climate in specific areas. As the climate becomes more continental from west to east, a number of forest-forming species, such as the European beech, the common hornbeam, and the common ash, gradually disappear from the forest composition. Similar changes in the forest composition can also be observed at higher elevations. At the same time, the upper positions on the altitude profile are occupied by plantations with the participation of more western species, characterized by reduced tolerance in relation to the continentality of the climate. Such a pattern of the altitude distribution of broad-leaved forest formations can be explained by the manifestation of the altitude gradient of the continentality of the climate.
broad-leaved forests, tree composition, altitude gradient of climate continentalization, Russian Plain, upland
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