Bosnian pine (Pinus heldreichii Christ.) is a Tertiary relict and a sub-endemic species of the Balkan Peninsula. Although globally classified as a species of Least Concern (IUCN: LC), populations in Bosnia and Herzegovina face critical threats. This paper analyzes the ecological and genetic aspects of the species, utilizing data from scientific literature and official environmental databases. The main identified threats include illegal logging, anthropogenic fires, and legislative inconsistencies between entity-level legislation (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska) and national legislation. The results indicate the need for an integrated approach: strict in situ protection (establishing a protected area to encompass the natural habitats of the Bosnian pine) and ex situ methods (gene banks, afforestation, and the establishment of plantations) to ensure the survival of the species.
Pinus heldreichii, conservation, in situ, ex situ, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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