Voronezh, Voronezh, Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
This article examines the evolution of vehicle powertrains – from the internal combustion engine (ICE), which has dominated for over a century, to contemporary alternative technologies including electric, hybrid, compressed natural gas (CNG) and hydrogen powertrains. Key milestones in ICE technological development are analysed, encompassing advances in fuel injection systems, exhaust emission reduction, and improvements in thermal efficiency. Particular attention is paid to the factors driving the widespread adoption of alternative powertrains: increasingly stringent environmental regulations, rising petroleum prices, breakthroughs in energy storage technologies, and government decarbonisation policies targeting the transport sector. A comparative assessment of the technical, economic, and environmental performance of various powertrain types is conducted using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. The study demonstrates that the transition to alternative powertrains is not revolutionary but gradual and evolutionary in nature, requiring the resolution of a complex set of infrastructural, economic, and technological challenges. It is concluded that, in the medium term, the most probable scenario is the coexistence of multiple powertrain types, with the share of electrified vehicles increasing progressively.
internal combustion engine (ICE), electric motor, power plant, electric car (EC), fuel cell, hydrogen engine
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