Russian Federation
The article is mainly about one particular linguistic and ethnic group in the state of Pennsylvania (during the colonial period, that is, till the end of the 1700s) who might be roughly defined but cannot be just referred to as Americans of German origin. Their most remote ancestors started arriving in Pennsylvania at the end of the 17th century. They had distinct religious beliefs, agricultural and artisanal practices, and, naturally, linguistic peculiarities which made them different from their English-speaking neighbors. It is remarkable how those features remain preserved until nowadays. Apart from cultural differences and continuities one can find examples linguistic diversity and differences from literary German.
Pennsylvania Dutch, German immigration, colonial period, Amishes, Mennonites
1. Mileeva M.N. Nekotorye osobennosti dialekta pensil'vanskih nemcev SShA. Vestnik gumanitarnogo fakul'teta Ivanovskogo gosudarstvennogo himiko-tehnologicheskogo universiteta №3, 2008. S. 295-302.
2. Buffington A. F., Preston A. B. A Pennsylvania German Grammar Allentown, 1954.
3. Cronau R. Drei jahrhunderte deutschen lebens in Amerika. Eine Geschichte der Deutschen in den Vereinigsten Staaten. Berlin, 1909.
4. Kuhns O. The German and Swiss settlements of Colonial Pennsylvania; a study of the so called Pennsylvania Dutch. NY, 1901. P.123.
5. Faust A.B. The German element in the United States. With Special Reference to its political, moral, social, and educational influence. Boston and New York, 1909.
6. Fuller, Janet M. (1999). "The Role of English in Pennsylvania German Development: Best Supporting Actress?". American Speech. No. 74 (1), 1999., pp. 38–55.
7. Franklin B. Observation Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries. Boston, 1755.
8. Louden M.L. Pennsylvania Dutch. The Story of an American Language. Baltimore, 2016.
9. Kampfhoefner W. D. Germans in America. A Concise History.NY, 2021.
10. Rush B. An Account of the Manners of the German Inhabitants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, 1873.
11. Shoepf J.D. Travels in Confederation, 1783-1784. Philadelphia, 1911.
